Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. 2010). Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. This phenomenon of a network of disadvantageous social ties has been called negative social capital (Portes 1998). In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Clubs, Fraternities, and Sororities. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. 2007)depending on who is doing them. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. 11. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. The following are illustrative examples of socializing. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. 3. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. 1. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. The And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. Want to create or adapt books like this? Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). 7. Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. What solutions are being offered? Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. Religion. Cooperating, taking turns, and practicing self-control are examples of social rules. Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. School settings often place children in heterogeneous classes with large groups of children of the same age, where they participate in very specific school-oriented activities and events. 1982). (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. You can help your child work on The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Humans are innately social and thrive in communication, comradery and competition with others. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. The role of peer groups was also discussed. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable.