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They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. 14-16 / August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. - death of henry II. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Company Reg no: 04489574. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Boston Spa, By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. One was debt. 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Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Use your outline "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Doodle's Point of View Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. he could also overthrow her. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Therefore, I disagree with the statement. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Become a Member | - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. They began to revolt against the Spanish. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. This increased tension between England and Spain. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. 1. 214 High Street, Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. Save. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Write a paragraph or two. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Henry himself gave people cause . The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Student / Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Company Reg no: 04489574. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. 2. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Died: 24 March 1603. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. The war was going badly for England. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. and reversing the religious settlement. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. King Philip of Spain sent an. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government).