Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Marriage. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Hunting tracts are owned by clans. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. As some of these languages show some form More members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Under Ugandan Pres. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. A rebellion Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Girling, F. K. (1960). After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local London: James Currey. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. majority peasant population. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Political Organization. Even in this . [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. find its conclusion until the 19th century. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of Organizational Politics. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Uma, F. K. (1971). Congo. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." The Acholi of Uganda. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Arts. L. No. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. 3 vols. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. p. 41). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. named Luo. The n, Mende 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Dwyer, John O. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." This term then more. (p. 34). Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. million first language speakers at the time. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. //, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Political Organization. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. Religious Beliefs. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. As droughts and Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Tonga collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Encyclopedia.com. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. London: James Currey. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in 61). cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Conflict. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). 20- Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there.