Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. Archetypes In Othello - 816 Words | Studymode Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. In addition, many powerfully heuristic Jungian concepts, such as synchronicity, have yet to be tested in literary contexts. A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. (3.3.54) Ex. Farewell! Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. One excellent example of such an approach, G. M. Matthews's 'Othello and the Dignity of Man', has been referred to at the end of the section devoted to historical and social criticism. Despite this, Desdemona continued to stay true to Othello. Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . Othello Character Analysis | LitCharts Othello, though, decides to kill her. He interprets literature in the light of various rituals and myths. The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away The execution of his wit, hands, heart Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. the-critical-analysis-of-a-novel-atonement-by-ian-mcewan.pdf The patterns are the major intrinsic aspects of a work. CYC3000_GettingtoKnowDisabilityJustice_Week 2.docx - Child Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite his deliberately selective focus on critical works written in English on literary texts that are, for the most part, also written in English, van Meurs, with the early assistance of John Kidd, has collected 902 entries, of which he identifies slightly over 80 as valid and valuable literary criticism. Abstract. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). O, farewell! (5. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, Archetypal Analysis | R-bloggers OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. Patterns originate from the writer's . The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains a number of themes; their relative importance and priority is debated by literary critics. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Literature in English: Archetypal Criticism - Blogger Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. This book established the priority of interest in the archetypal over the mythological. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. Literary Critics on Othello. Literary Theory from 1900 to 1966: A-Z A Alexander Chirila First published: 24 December 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444337839.wbelctv1a009 Read the full text PDF Tools Share Abstract Archetypal criticism is a form of analysis based on the identification and study of recurring symbolic and mythic patterns. After Othello learns of a possible affair between Cassio and Desdemona, at this instance is the turning point in Othellos fortune because it changes his views, attitudes and ultimately his fate. Iago reviews Othellos performance as a lover by stating, O, you are well tuned now, / But Ill set down the pegs that make this music. Iago will now orchestrate discord and disharmony based on a life philosophy totally opposed to the ennobling and selfless concept of love demonstrated by the newlyweds. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Othello: Character List | SparkNotes The character of Iago is so conducted, that he is from the first scene to the last hated and despised. But the great literary text for Jungs life and work was Johann Wolfgang von Goethes Faust, not because of its literary qualities but because he sensed that the drama expressed his own personal myth (Letters 1:309-10). So much I challenge that I may profess Othello Essay Questions | GradeSaver Because of that, it has generated a lot of literary criticism in the 400 years since it was written and first . Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). Archetypal Literary Criticism | PDF | Shadow (Psychology) - Scribd (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! As Iago asserts to Roderigo, Virtue? He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. 2. Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. Archetypal Theory - Literary Criticism Olympus-high, and duck again as low At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. O, damn her, damn her! Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. What bloody business ever. Other forms previously labeled Jungian are here subsumed under the term archetypal because whatever their immediate specific focus, these forms operate on a set of assumptions derived from Jung and accept the depth-psychological structure posited by Jung. "Who can control his fate?" Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. . O my souls joy, The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. An archetype is recurrent. As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). What makes you cringe? The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY: 1. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Commend me to my kind lord. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. Archetypal Myth Criticism Paper - 337 Words - Internet Public Library From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. He carries out his own execution for a violation that threatens social and psychic order. However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Using Critical Lenses to Analyze Othello: Historical, Cultural and Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. archetypal criticism in othello Archetype - Examples and Definition of Archetype - Literary Devices The first systematic application of Jungs ideas to literature was made in 1934 by Maud Bodkin in Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: An attempt is here made to bring psychological analysis and reflection to bear upon the imaginative experience communicated by great poetry, and to examine those forms or patterns in which the universal forces of our nature there find objectification (vii). Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. archetypal criticism in othello They also attest to his self-confessed lack of interest in literature: I feel not naturally drawn to what one calls literature, but I am strangely attracted by genuine fiction, i.e., fantastical invention (Letters 1:509). Archetypal Criticism - ResearchGate A Modern View of Feminist Criticism William Shakespeare 's "Othello" can be analyzed from a feminist perspective.This criticism focuses on relationships between genders, like the patterns of thoughts, behavior, values, enfranchisement, and power in relations between and within sexes. Marxist criticism would also have offered a distinctive way of looking at Othello. Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. "), "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Archetypal Criticism - SlideShare The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider. OTHELLO: Iago critics - Litchapter.com Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Literary Archetypes: Definition, List, Elements & Examples An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. Let us know! Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. And so much duty as my mother showd Iago: My friend is dead. Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. I do perceive here a divided duty: PDF A Freudian Psychoanalysis on The Character, Othello By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? 364-367). Othello, being a hero, enjoys a good reputation and has notable qualities. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. archetypal criticism in othello america undercover life of crime Juni 12, 2022. used kawai upright piano . How To Write An Archetypal Criticism Essay - quality-managers.org (2023). Earnest Cassirer, a social anthropologist was an important influence on myth criticism. Othello, unlike the other Shakespearean comedies, adds three more acts to the romantic drama, shifting from comic affirmation to tragic negation. Richer than all his tribe. Carl Jung & Archetypal Criticism - SlideServe To you, preferring you before her father, Ralph Manheim, 1974); Morris Philipson, Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic (1963, reprint, 1991); Annis Pratt et al., Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981); Jos van Meurs and John Kidd, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980: An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Works in English (with a Selection of Titles after 1980) (1988); William K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Cleanth Brooks, Literary Criticism: A Short History (1957). Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. To furnish me with some swift means of death If it were now to die The fulfillment of the wedding night that should come at the climax of the comedy is relocated to act 2, with the aftermath of the courtship and the wedding now taking center stage. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. That's a matter of opinion. This preview is partially blurred. the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, Perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand, archetypal criticism in othello boone county wv obituaries Frazers and Jungs texts formed the basis of two allied but ultimately different courses of influence on literary history. The scene crowns love triumphant. This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Free Feminist On Othello Essays and Papers | 123 Help Me Another important influence was Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) who used the term archetype to what he called "primordial images". The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. 1. Sign up His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. . However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . Twere now to be most happy, for I fear First Cassio lands to deliver the news of Othellos marriage and, like the best man, supplies glowing praise for the groom and his bride; next Desdemona, accompanied by Iago and his wife, Emilia, enters but must await news of the fate of Othellos ship. On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work. Othello Archetypal Tragic Hero Analysis - 1236 Words | Bartleby As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). James Baird, Jungian Psychology in Criticism: Theoretical Problems, Literary Criticism and Psychology (ed.